摘 要

硝基苯酚(Nitrophenol)制备氨基苯酚(Aminophenol)的反应在精细化工、燃料、医药等很多方面的应用越来越重要。因为易操作、污染小、反应条件温和等优点使催化剂催化还原制备氨基苯酚成为研究热点。其中很重要的一个代表反应就是对硝基苯酚还原制备对氨基苯酚。工业废水中具代表性的污染物对硝基苯酚（简称4-NP，4-Nitrophenol),具有毒性，致癌和致突变的危害性，对环境造成巨大的污染。对氨基苯酚（简称4-AP,4-Aminophenol)是一种十分重要的化工和医药中间体。催化加氢法具有工艺简单、环境污染小等特点，将硝基苯酚还原成氨基苯酚催化加氢工艺的关键在找到高效、稳定、廉价的催化剂。

本文选择碳黑(carbon black，简称NBC)为载体，得到负载率为1%的Pd和Ag纳米复合材料催化剂为Pd-NBC、Ag-NBC，研究它们在硝基苯酚还原反应中的应用。本文分别研究了不同催化剂、不同催化剂量、不同温度对反应速率的影响。发现Ag-NBC催化加氢三种硝基苯酚都具有更低的活化能，使得反应更容易进行，有更高的效率。

关键词：硝基苯酚；对氨基苯酚；催化还原；纳米复合材料

Synthesis of noble metal nanocomposites in catalytic reduction of nitrophenol

ABSTRACT

The reaction of nitrophenol to prepare aminophenol has become more and more important in many fields such as fine chemicals, fuels, and medicine. Because of the advantages of easy operation, less pollution, mild reaction conditions, etc., the catalytic reduction of catalysts to prepare aminophenols has become a research hotspot. One of the important reactions is the reduction of p-nitrophenol to p-aminophenol. The representative pollutant in industrial wastewater, p-nitrophenol (4-NP), is toxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic. It causes huge pollution to the environment. 4-Aminophenol (4-AP) is a very important chemical and pharmaceutical intermediate. Catalytic hydrogenation has the characteristics of simple process, low environmental pollution, etc. The key to the catalytic hydrogenation of nitrophenols to aminophenols is to find efficient, stable and inexpensive catalysts.

In this paper, carbon black was selected as carrier to obtain Pd, Ag, nanocomposite catalysts with a loading rate of 1%, Pd-NBC、Ag-NBC, and their application in the reduction of nitrophenol was studied. In this paper, the effects of different catalysts, different catalyst amounts, different temperatures and different reaction substrates on the reaction rate were studied. It was found that Ag-NBC catalytic hydrogenation of three nitrophenol had lower activation energy, making the reaction easier and more efficient.

Key words：Nitrophenol；4-Aminophenol；catalytic reduction；nanocomposite

目 录

1绪论………………………………………………………………………………………1

1.1 纳米复合材料…………………………………………………………………………1

1.2 纳米金属催化剂………………………………………………………………………1

1. 3 碳黑（NBC）……………………………………………………………………………2

1.4 对硝基苯酚…………………………………………………………………4

1.5 对氨基苯酚…………………………………………………………………4

1.6 本实验的研究内容和目的…………………………………………………5

2 Pd-NBC和Ag-NBC的制备…………………………………………………7

2.1实验部分……………………………………………………………7

2.1.1 实验试剂……………………………………………………………………7

2.1.2实验仪器……………………………………………………………………7

2.2 Pd-NBC的制备……………………………………………………………………7

2.3Ag-NBC的制备………………………………………………………………8

3 Pd-NBC和Ag-NBC催化加氢硝基苯酚性能的研究……………………………………9

3.1 实验部分…………………………………………………………………………9

3.1.1实验试剂……………………………………………………………………9

3.1.2实验仪器…………………………………………………………………9

3.2催化加氢硝基苯酚………………………………………………………………9

3.3结果与讨论…………………………………………………………………………11

3.3.1 不同催化剂量对催化加氢硝基苯酚的影响………………………………11

3.3.2不同温度对催化加氢硝基苯酚的影响……………………………………12

3.3.3不同催化剂对硝基苯酚催化加氢的影响………………………………14

3.4总结…………………………………………………………………………15

4总结…………………………………………………………………………………16

参考文献 ……………………………………………………………………………17

致谢 ………………………………………………………………………………18

1 绪论

1.1 纳米复合材料

纳米材料是纳米级结构材料的简称（nanometer material),是指其结构单元的尺寸介于1纳米到100纳米范围之间。由于它的尺寸已经接近电子的相干长度，它的性质因为强相干所带来的自组织使得性质发生很大变化。其尺度已经接近光的波长，加上其具有大表面的特殊效应，因此其所表现的特性，例如熔点、磁性、光学、导热、导电特性等，不同于该物质在整体状态时所表现的性质。

纳米复合材料是以树脂、橡胶、陶瓷和金属等基体为连续相，以纳米尺寸的金属、半导体、刚性粒子和其他无机粒子、纤维、纳米碳管等改性剂为分散相，通过适当的制备方法将改性剂均匀性地分散于基体材料中，形成一相含有纳米尺寸材料的复合体系，这一体系材料称之为纳米复合材料。